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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fusogenes Protein</span></h1>
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<p><b>Fusogene Proteine</b> (synonym <i>Zell-Zell-Fusogene</i>) sind <a href="Transmembranprotein" title="Transmembranprotein">transmembrane</a> <a href="Glycoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycoprotein">Glycoproteine</a>, die eine <a href="Zellfusion" title="Zellfusion">Zellfusion</a> bewirken.<sup id="cite_ref-Shilagardi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shilagardi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fusogene Proteine werden gelegentlich auch als <i>Fusionsproteine</i> bezeichnet, was jedoch mit <a href="Fusionsprotein" title="Fusionsprotein">Fusionsproteinen</a> verwechselt werden kann.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Sie dienen bei Tieren der Zell- und <a href="Vesikel_(Biologie)" title="Vesikel (Biologie)">Vesikelfusion</a>, z. B. bei der Verschmelzung von <a href="Gamet" title="Gamet">Gameten</a> bei der <a href="Befruchtung" title="Befruchtung">Befruchtung</a>, bei der <a href="Myogenese" class="mw-redirect" title="Myogenese">Myogenese</a>, bei der Ausbildung der <a href="Plazenta" title="Plazenta">Plazenta</a> (<a href="Syncytin" title="Syncytin">Syncytin</a>), beim Umbau von <a href="Knochen" title="Knochen">Knochen</a>, bei der <a href="Immunantwort" title="Immunantwort">Immunantwort</a> und bei der <a href="Organ_(Biologie)" title="Organ (Biologie)">Organentwicklung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shilagardi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shilagardi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das Protein <i>EFF-AFF</i> vermittelt bei <i><a href="Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> die Fusion der Ankerzelle mit dem Saum des <a href="Uterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterus">Uterus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17488621_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17488621-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fusogene Proteine umfassen auch die <a href="SNARE-Protein" class="mw-redirect" title="SNARE-Protein">SNARE-Proteine</a>.
</p><p>Fusogene Proteine kommen in manchen <a href="Viren" title="Viren">Viren</a> zum Zelleintritt und zur <a href="Syncytium" title="Syncytium">Syncytienbildung</a> vor. Virale Fusogene sind z. B. das <a href="H%C3%A4magglutinin_(Influenzavirus_A)" title="Hämagglutinin (Influenzavirus A)">Hämagglutinin</a> des <a href="Influenzavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenzavirus">Influenzavirus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> das <a href="Spike-Glykoprotein_(SARS-CoV-2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spike-Glykoprotein (SARS-CoV-2)">Spike-Protein</a> von <a href="SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>, das <a href="HBsAg" title="HBsAg">HBsAg</a> des <a href="Hepatitis-B-Virus" title="Hepatitis-B-Virus">Hepatitis-B-Virus</a>, das fusogene Protein des <a href="Humanes_Cytomegalievirus" title="Humanes Cytomegalievirus">Humanen Cytomegalievirus</a> und anderer <a href="Herpesviren" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviren">Herpesviren</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> des Sendaivirus<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder das Glycoprotein <a href="VSV-G" class="mw-redirect" title="VSV-G">VSV-G</a> des <a href="Vesicular_stomatitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicular stomatitis virus">Vesicular stomatitis virus</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<p>In der Biochemie werden Zellfusionen <i><a href="In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> mit fusogenen Proteinen unter anderem bei der <a href="Epstein-Barr-Virus" title="Epstein-Barr-Virus">EBV</a>-Variante der <a href="Hybridom-Technik" title="Hybridom-Technik">Hybridom-Technik</a> durchgeführt.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF14884">EFF-AFF</a> bei <a href="Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/search?searchMethod=FullWord&searchInField=termDescriptor&sort=&size=20&searchType=exactMatch&q=Membrane+Fusion+Proteins">Membrane fusion proteins</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/search?searchMethod=FullWord&searchInField=termDescriptor&sort=&size=20&searchType=exactMatch&q=Viral+Fusion+Proteins">Viral fusion proteins</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_protein/987.html"><i>Fusion of virus membrane with host cell membrane</i></a> bei <a href="ExPASy" class="mw-redirect" title="ExPASy">ExPASy</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Science/Biology/Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology/">Linkkatalog zum Thema Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</a> bei <i>curlie.org</i> (ehemals <a href="DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Y. Watanabe, Z. T. Berndsen, J. Raghwani, G. E. Seabright, J. D. Allen, O. G. Pybus, J. S. McLellan, I. A. Wilson, T. A. Bowden, A. B. Ward, M. Crispin: <i>Vulnerabilities in coronavirus glycan shields despite extensive glycosylation.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a>.</i> Band 11, Nummer 1, 05 2020, S. 2688, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16567-0">10.1038/s41467-020-16567-0</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32461612?dopt=Abstract">PMID 32461612</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7253482/">PMC 7253482</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Shilagardi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shilagardi_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shilagardi_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Shilagardi, S. Li, F. Luo, F. Marikar, R. Duan, P. Jin, J. H. Kim, K. Murnen, E. H. Chen: <i>Actin-propelled invasive membrane protrusions promote fusogenic protein engagement during cell-cell fusion.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a></i> Band 340, Nummer 6130, April 2013, S. 359–363, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234781" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1126/science.1234781">doi:10.1126/science.1234781</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23470732?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23470732</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631436/">PMC 3631436</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Avinoam, B. Podbilewicz: <i>Eukaryotic cell-cell fusion families.</i> In: <i>Current topics in membranes.</i> Band 68, 2011, S. 209–234, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385891-7.00009-X" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385891-7.00009-X">doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385891-7.00009-X</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21771501?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21771501</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-pmid17488621-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17488621_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sapir A, Choi J, Leikina E, Avinoam O, Valansi C, Chernomordik LV, Newman AP, Podbilewicz B: <cite style="font-style:italic">AFF-1, a FOS-1-regulated fusogen, mediates fusion of the anchor cell in C. elegans</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Developmental Cell</cite>. 12. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, Mai 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>683–98</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2007.03.003">10.1016/j.devcel.2007.03.003</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488621?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17488621</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1975806/">PMC 1975806</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Fusogenes+Protein&rft.atitle=AFF-1%2C+a+FOS-1-regulated+fusogen%2C+mediates+fusion+of+the+anchor+cell+in+C.+elegans&rft.au=Sapir+A%2C+Choi+J%2C+Leikina+E%2C+...&rft.date=2007-05&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2007.03.003&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Cell&rft.pages=683-98&rft.pmc=1975806&rft.pmid=17488621&rft.volume=12.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Avinoam, K. Fridman, C. Valansi, I. Abutbul, T. Zeev-Ben-Mordehai, U. E. Maurer, A. Sapir, D. Danino, K. Grünewald, J. M. White, B. Podbilewicz: <i>Conserved eukaryotic fusogens can fuse viral envelopes to cells.</i> In: <i>Science.</i> Band 332, Nummer 6029, April 2011, S. 589–592, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1202333" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1126/science.1202333">doi:10.1126/science.1202333</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436398?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21436398</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084904/">PMC 3084904</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. P. Richard, E. Leikina, L. V. Chernomordik: <i>Cytoskeleton reorganization in influenza hemagglutinin-initiated syncytium formation.</i> In: <i><a href="Biochimica_et_Biophysica_Acta" title="Biochimica et Biophysica Acta">Biochimica et Biophysica Acta</a>.</i> Band 1788, Nummer 2, Februar 2009, S. 450–457, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.014" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.014">doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.014</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18976631?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18976631</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668568/">PMC 2668568</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Atanasiu, W. T. Saw, G. H. Cohen, R. J. Eisenberg: <i>Cascade of events governing cell-cell fusion induced by herpes simplex virus glycoproteins gD, gH/gL, and gB.</i> In: <i>Journal of virology.</i> Band 84, Nummer 23, Dezember 2010, S. 12292–12299, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01700-10" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1128/JVI.01700-10">doi:10.1128/JVI.01700-10</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20861251?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20861251</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976417/">PMC 2976417</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. P. Hannah, E. E. Heldwein, F. C. Bender, G. H. Cohen, R. J. Eisenberg: <i>Mutational evidence of internal fusion loops in herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B.</i> In: <i>Journal of virology.</i> Band 81, Nummer 9, Mai 2007, S. 4858–4865, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02755-06" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1128/JVI.02755-06">doi:10.1128/JVI.02755-06</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314168?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17314168</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1900191/">PMC 1900191</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. A. Kruse, B. J. Wisnieski, G. Popják: <i>Characterization of a glycoprotein fusogen isolated from Sendai virus.</i> In: <i>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta.</i> Band 797, Nummer 1, Januar 1984, S. 40–50, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6318835?dopt=Abstract">PMID 6318835</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Traggiai, S. Becker, K. Subbarao, L. Kolesnikova, Y. Uematsu, M. R. Gismondo, B. R. Murphy, R. Rappuoli, <a href="Antonio_Lanzavecchia" title="Antonio Lanzavecchia">A. Lanzavecchia</a>: <i>An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature_Medicine" title="Nature Medicine">Nature Medicine</a>.</i> Band 10, Nummer 8, August 2004, S. 871–875, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1080" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/nm1080">doi:10.1038/nm1080</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247913?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15247913</a>.</span>
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